三種認知功能分類及定義

三種認知功能分類及定義

（一）Weintraub et al., 2013 （NIH Toolbox之分類）

• Attention: the ability to inhibit visual attention to irrelevant task dimensions.
• Executive Function: the top-down cognitive modulation of goal-directed activity. EF can be divided into 3 partially independent subcomponents: set shifting, inhibitory control, and updating/working memory.
• Episodic Memory: a system involved in storage of unique events or experiences encoded in a time-specific manner
• Language
• Processing Speed: either the amount of time it takes to process a set amount of information, or the amount of information that can be processed within a certain unit of time.
• Working Memory: a limited-capacity storage buffer that becomes overloaded when the amount of information exceeds that capacity

（二）Nuechterlein et al., 2004（MATRICS之分類）

• Attention/vigilance: an attentional factor that emphasizes vigilance
• Speed of processing: The cognitive processes tapped by the tasks loading on this factor are relatively simple, often involve perceptual and motor components, and always emphasize speed of performance. 
• Verbal learning and memory
• Working memory: digit span, letter number sequencing, digits forward/backward, 
• Reasoning and problem solving: These high-level cognitive processes often demand relatively intact lower-level processes, but also involve additional complex strategic planning and decision-making skills
• Visual learning and memory: facial recognition

（三）Vance et al., 2012

• Psychomotor ability: the ability to perform gross motor movements (e.g., positioning arms and legs), fine motor movements (e.g., writing with a pencil), and reaction time (e.g., tapping a button several times within 10 seconds)
• Speed of processing: the rate in which information is taken from the senses, processed, and a response is generated. It can refer to how quickly one can perform a mental calculation or respond to auditory, tactile, and visual stimuli.
• Executive functioning: a range of cognitive abilities including planning, organizing, reasoning, and problem solving (Elias & Saucier, 2006; Lezak, 1995)
• Explicit memory: conscious recall of learned information and personal experiences (Ball, Vance, Edwards, & Wadley, 2004; Elias & Saucier, 2006)
• Language: a complex cognitive ability composed of components of both crystallized and fluid intelligence that incorporates visual and auditory processing.
  

1. Weintraub, S., Dikmen, S. S., Heaton, R. K., Tulsky, D. S., Zelazo, P. D., Bauer, P. J., . . . Gershon, R. C. (2013). Cognition assessment using the NIH Toolbox. Neurology, 80(11 Suppl 3), S54-64. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182872ded
2. Nuechterlein, K. H., Barch, D. M., Gold, J. M., Goldberg, T. E., Green, M. F., & Heaton, R. K. (2004). Identification of separable cognitive factors in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 72(1), 29-39. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.007
3. Vance, D. E., Fazeli, P. L., Kaur, J., Pearce, P., & McGuinness, T. (2012). Neuropsychology and cognitive health in healthy older adults: a brief overview for psychiatric nurses. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv, 50(6), 30-37; quiz 46-37. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20120508-03